Table of Contents

Short Table of Contents

  1. Introduction:   — 1
        Why This Book?
  2. Déjà Vu All Over Again:   — 7
        19th Century Voting Technology
  3. How Did We Get Here?   — 33
        From Levers to Punched Cards
  4. Filling in the Bubble:   — 59
        Optical Mark-Sense Ballots
  5. Trusting in Technology:   — 91
        Direct-Recording Electronic Voting
  6. Establishing a Standard:   — 123
        Regulating Voting Systems
  7. The Problem with Diebold:   — 159
        The Myth of Trade-Secret Software
  8. The California Soap Opera   — 189
  9. Voters with Disabilities:   — 215
        Manipulating the Grass Roots
  10. The Right to Vote:   — 241
        Voter Registration
  11. Internet Voting:   — 265
        Voting Rights for Viruses?
  12. Missed Opportunities:   — 303
        How to Kill a Bill
  13. Voting, Counting and Auditing:   — 329
        Building Confidence in Elections
  14. Conclusion:   — 345
        Where Do We Go From Here?
Appendix. Disability Rights Groups' Lawsuits   — 355
References   — 357
Index   — 421

Long Table of Contents

  1. Introduction:   — 1
    Why This Book?
  2. Déjà Vu All Over Again: 19th Century Voting Technology   — 7
    1. The First Round   — 8
    2. The First Voting Mechanisms   — 15
    3. The Australian Ballot   — 18
    4. How Secret?   — 20
    5. Voting Machines   — 21
    6. Industrialization   — 25
    7. Consolidation and Monopoly   — 28
    8. Adopting Voting Machines   — 28
  3. How Did We Get Here? From Levers to Punched Cards   — 33
    1. Scandal in Chicago   — 35
    2. Fraud and Reform in the Interwar Era   — 38
    3. Problems with Mechanical Voting Machines   — 42
    4. The Rise of the Punched Card   — 46
    5. The Trouble With Chad   — 50
    6. The Success of the Votomatic   — 52
    7. What's Wrong with the Votomatic   — 55
  4. Filling in the Bubble: Optical Mark-Sense Ballots   — 59
    1. Central-Count Machines   — 64
    2. Precinct-Count Machines   — 66
    3. Mark-Sense Machines in Action   — 75
    4. What is a Vote   — 80
    5. The Human Element   — 81
    6. Image-Based Mark Sensing   — 85
    7. New Directions   — 89
  5. Trusting in Technology: Direct-Recording Electronic Voting   — 91
    1. Voting by Electricity   — 93
    2. The First Generation at the Polls   — 96
    3. Second Generation DRE Voting Systems   — 101
    4. What's Wrong with DRE Voting?   — 108
    5. Voter Verifiability   — 111
    6. Experimental Studies   — 117
    7. What Happened in Sarasota?   — 119
  6. Establishing a Standard: Regulating Voting Systems   — 123
    1. The Press for Standards   — 126
    2. The 1990 Voting System Standards   — 129
    3. 2002 and Interim Standards   — 139
    4. The Help America Vote Act of 2002   — 141
    5. The IEEE steps in   — 148
    6. Continuing Developments   — 152
    7. International Standards   — 155
  7. The Problem with Diebold: The Myth of Trade-Secret Software   — 159
    1. Overview   — 160
    2. Early Events   — 162
    3. Early State Diebold Studies   — 167
    4. Demonstrations of Election Rigging   — 171
    5. Some Later State Diebold Studies   — 177
    6. Linda Lamone and Maryland   — 182
    7. What Can We Learn from Diebold   — 187
  8. The California Soap Opera   — 189
    1. Some Early Events   — 190
    2. Shelley Battles Vendors & Election Officials   — 192
    3. California's Revolving Door   — 201
    4. More Diebold Revelations   — 204
    5. The Top to Bottom Review   — 207
    6. Conclusion   — 212
  9. Voters with Disabilities: Manipulating the Grass Roots   — 215
    1. A Story   — 215
    2. A Second Story   — 217
    3. Many Voices   — 218
    4. Some Early Legislation and Litigation   — 221
    5. The AAPD   — 223
    6. Vendor Financial Contributions   — 227
    7. Lawsuits   — 232
    8. How Accessible are DREs?   — 236
    9. What Lies Ahead?   — 238
  10. The Right to Vote: Voter Registration   — 241
    1. Some Background   — 243
    2. Issues Relating to Voter Registration   — 251
    3. Studies and Proposed Reforms   — 254
    4. Voter Registration Databases (VRDs)   — 257
    5. The Future of VRDs   — 262
  11. Internet Voting: Voting Rights for Viruses?   — 265
    1. The DC Pilot Test   — 265
    2. Internet Risks   — 269
    3. Early Reports   — 279
    4. Misconceptions   — 281
    5. Ingoring the Obvious   — 284
    6. Military Voting   — 286
    7. Some Other Countries   — 296
    8. The Future of Internet Voting   — 301
  12. Missed Opportunities: How to Kill a Bill   — 303
    1. The Role of Public Interest Groups   — 305
    2. The Help America Vote Act (HAVA)   — 311
    3. Efforts to Reform HAVA   — 313
    4. The 2008, 2010, 2012 Elections and Beyond   — 327
  13. Voting, Counting and Auditing: Building Confidence in Elections   — 329
    1. Manually Counting Ballots   — 330
    2. Post-Election Audits and Recounts   — 333
    3. Examining Other Aspects of Elections   — 338
    4. Other Voting Methods   — 340
    5. Why Audits Matter   — 344
  14. Conclusion: Where Do We Go From Here?   — 345
    1. Recommendations   — 347
    2. Looking Ahead   — 352
Appendix. Disability Rights Groups' Lawsuits   — 355
  1. Lawsuits involving Jim Diction and the AAPD   — 355
  2. Lawsuits involving the NFB   — 356
References   — 357
Index   — 421