Table of Contents

Short Table of Contents

1. Introduction:   — 1
       Why This Book?
   
2. Déjà Vu All Over Again:   — 7
       19^th Century Voting Technology
   
3. How Did We Get Here?   — 33
       From Levers to Punched Cards
   
4. Filling in the Bubble:   — 59
       Optical Mark-Sense Ballots
   
5. Trusting in Technology:   — 91
       Direct-Recording Electronic Voting
   
6. Establishing a Standard:   — 123
       Regulating Voting Systems
   
7. The Problem with Diebold:   — 159
       The Myth of Trade-Secret Software
   
8. The California Soap Opera   — 189
   
9. Voters with Disabilities:   — 215
       Manipulating the Grass Roots
   
10. The Right to Vote:   — 241
        Voter Registration
    
11. Internet Voting:   — 265
        Voting Rights for Viruses?
    
12. Missed Opportunities:   — 303
        How to Kill a Bill
    
13. Voting, Counting and Auditing:   — 329
        Building Confidence in Elections
    
14. Conclusion:   — 345
        Where Do We Go From Here?
    

Appendix. Disability Rights Groups' Lawsuits   — 355
References   — 357
Index   — 421

Long Table of Contents

1. Introduction:   — 1
   Why This Book?
   
2. Déjà Vu All Over Again: 19^th Century Voting Technology   — 7
   1. The First Round   — 8
      
   2. The First Voting Mechanisms   — 15
      
   3. The Australian Ballot   — 18
      
   4. How Secret?   — 20
      
   5. Voting Machines   — 21
      
   6. Industrialization   — 25
      
   7. Consolidation and Monopoly   — 28
      
   8. Adopting Voting Machines   — 28
3. How Did We Get Here? From Levers to Punched Cards   — 33
   1. Scandal in Chicago   — 35
      
   2. Fraud and Reform in the Interwar Era   — 38
      
   3. Problems with Mechanical Voting Machines   — 42
      
   4. The Rise of the Punched Card   — 46
      
   5. The Trouble With Chad   — 50
      
   6. The Success of the Votomatic   — 52
      
   7. What's Wrong with the Votomatic   — 55
4. Filling in the Bubble: Optical Mark-Sense Ballots   — 59
   1. Central-Count Machines   — 64
      
   2. Precinct-Count Machines   — 66
      
   3. Mark-Sense Machines in Action   — 75
      
   4. What is a Vote   — 80
      
   5. The Human Element   — 81
      
   6. Image-Based Mark Sensing   — 85
      
   7. New Directions   — 89
5. Trusting in Technology: Direct-Recording Electronic Voting   — 91
   1. Voting by Electricity   — 93
      
   2. The First Generation at the Polls   — 96
      
   3. Second Generation DRE Voting Systems   — 101
      
   4. What's Wrong with DRE Voting?   — 108
      
   5. Voter Verifiability   — 111
      
   6. Experimental Studies   — 117
      
   7. What Happened in Sarasota?   — 119
6. Establishing a Standard: Regulating Voting Systems   — 123
   1. The Press for Standards   — 126
      
   2. The 1990 Voting System Standards   — 129
      
   3. 2002 and Interim Standards   — 139
      
   4. The Help America Vote Act of 2002   — 141
      
   5. The IEEE steps in   — 148
      
   6. Continuing Developments   — 152
      
   7. International Standards   — 155
7. The Problem with Diebold: The Myth of Trade-Secret Software   — 159
   1. Overview   — 160
      
   2. Early Events   — 162
      
   3. Early State Diebold Studies   — 167
      
   4. Demonstrations of Election Rigging   — 171
      
   5. Some Later State Diebold Studies   — 177
      
   6. Linda Lamone and Maryland   — 182
      
   7. What Can We Learn from Diebold   — 187
8. The California Soap Opera   — 189
   1. Some Early Events   — 190
      
   2. Shelley Battles Vendors & Election Officials   — 192
      
   3. California's Revolving Door   — 201
      
   4. More Diebold Revelations   — 204
      
   5. The Top to Bottom Review   — 207
      
   6. Conclusion   — 212
9. Voters with Disabilities: Manipulating the Grass Roots   — 215
   1. A Story   — 215
      
   2. A Second Story   — 217
      
   3. Many Voices   — 218
      
   4. Some Early Legislation and Litigation   — 221
      
   5. The AAPD   — 223
      
   6. Vendor Financial Contributions   — 227
      
   7. Lawsuits   — 232
      
   8. How Accessible are DREs?   — 236
      
   9. What Lies Ahead?   — 238
10. The Right to Vote: Voter Registration   — 241
    1. Some Background   — 243
       
    2. Issues Relating to Voter Registration   — 251
       
    3. Studies and Proposed Reforms   — 254
       
    4. Voter Registration Databases (VRDs)   — 257
       
    5. The Future of VRDs   — 262
11. Internet Voting: Voting Rights for Viruses?   — 265
    1. The DC Pilot Test   — 265
       
    2. Internet Risks   — 269
       
    3. Early Reports   — 279
       
    4. Misconceptions   — 281
       
    5. Ingoring the Obvious   — 284
       
    6. Military Voting   — 286
       
    7. Some Other Countries   — 296
       
    8. The Future of Internet Voting   — 301
12. Missed Opportunities: How to Kill a Bill   — 303
    1. The Role of Public Interest Groups   — 305
       
    2. The Help America Vote Act (HAVA)   — 311
       
    3. Efforts to Reform HAVA   — 313
       
    4. The 2008, 2010, 2012 Elections and Beyond   — 327
13. Voting, Counting and Auditing: Building Confidence in Elections   — 329
    1. Manually Counting Ballots   — 330
       
    2. Post-Election Audits and Recounts   — 333
       
    3. Examining Other Aspects of Elections   — 338
       
    4. Other Voting Methods   — 340
       
    5. Why Audits Matter   — 344
14. Conclusion: Where Do We Go From Here?   — 345
    1. Recommendations   — 347
       
    2. Looking Ahead   — 352

Appendix. Disability Rights Groups' Lawsuits   — 355

1. Lawsuits involving Jim Diction and the AAPD   — 355
   
2. Lawsuits involving the NFB   — 356

References   — 357
Index   — 421